Contents
1.1 Special Relativity
All motion is relative; the speed of light in free space is the same for all observers
1.2. Time Dilation
A moving clock ticks more slowly than a clock at rest
1.3 Doppler Effect
Why the universe is believed to be expanding
1.4 Length Contraction
Faster means shorter
1.5 Twin Paradox
A longer life, but it will not seem longer
1.6 Electricity and Magnetism
Relativity is the bridge
1.7 Relativistic Momentum
Redefining an important quantity
1.8 Mass and Energy
Where Eo=mc2 comes from
1.9 Energy and Momentum
How together in relativity they fit
1.10 General Relativity
Gravity is a warping of spacetime
APPENDIX I: The Lorentz Transformation
APPENDIX II: Spacetime
CHAPTER 2 ParticleProperties of Waves
2.1 Electromagnetic Waves
Coupled electric and magnetic oscillations that move with the speed of light and exhibit typical wave behaviour
2.2 Blackbody Radiation
Only the quantum theory of light can explain its origin
2.3 . Photoelectric Effect
The energies of electrons liberated by light depend on the frequency of the light
2.4 What is Light?
Both wave and particle
2.5 X-Rays
They consist of high-energy photons
2.6 X-Ray Diffraction
How X-ray wavelengths can be determined
2.7 Compton Effect
Further confirmation of the photon model
2.8 Pair Production
Energy into matter
2.9 Photons and Gravity
Although they lack rest mass, photons behave as though they have gravitational mass
CHAPTER 3 Wave Properties of Particles
3.1 De Broglie Waves
A moving body behaves in certain ways as though it has a wave nature
3.2 Waves of What?
Waves of probability
3.3 Describing a Wave
A general formula for waves
3.4 Phase and Group Velocities
A group of waves need not have the same velocity as the waves themselves
3.5 Particle Diffraction
An experiment that confirms the existence of de Broglie waves
3.6 Particle in a Box
Why the energy of a trapped particle is quantized
3.7 Uncertainty Principle I
We cannot know the future because we cannot know the present
3.8 Uncertainty Principle II
A particle approach gives the same result
3.9 Applying the Uncertainty Principle
A useful tool, not just a negative statement
4.1 The Nuclear Atom
An atom is largely empty space
4.2 Electron Orbits
The planetary model of the atom and why it fails
4.3 Atomic Spectra
Each element has a characteristic line spectrum
4.4 The Bohr Atom
Electron waves in the atom
4.5 Energy Levels and Spectra
A photon is emitted when an electron jumps from one energy level to a lower level
4.6 Correspondence Principle
The greater the quantum number, the closer quantum physics approaches classical physics
4.7 Nuclear Motion
The nuclear mass affects the wavelengths of spectral lines
4.8 Atomic Excitation
How atoms absorb and emit energy
4.9 The Laser
How to produce light waves all in step
APPENDIX: Rutherford Scattering
5.1 Quantum Mechanics
Classical mechanics is an approximation of quantum mechanics
5.2 The Wave Equation
It can have a variety of solutions, including complex ones
5.3 Schrodinger's Equation: Time-Dependent Form
A basic physical principle that cannot be derived from anything else
5.4 Linearity and Superposition
Wave functions add, not probabilities
5.5 Expectation Values
How to extract information from a wave function
5.6 Operators
Another way to find expectation values
5.7 Schrodinger's Equation: Steady-State Form
Eigenvalues and eigenfunctions
5.8 Particle in a Box
How boundary conditions and normalization determine wave functions
5.9 Finite Potential Well
The wave function penetrates the walls, which lowers the energy levels
5.10 Tunnel Effect
A particle without the energy to pass over a potential barrier may still tunnel through it
5.11 Harmonic Oscillator
Its energy levels are evenly spaced
APPENDIX: The Tunnel Effect
CHAPTER 6 Quantum Theory of the Hydrogen Atom
6.1 Schrodinger's Equation for the Hydrogen Atom
Symmetry suggests spherical polar coordinates
6.2 Separation of Variables
A differential equation for each variable
6.3 Quantum Numbers
Three dimensions, three quantum numbers
6.4 Principal Quantum Number
Quantization of energy
6.5 Orbital Quantum Number
Quantization of angular-momentum magnitude
6.6 Magnetic Quantum Number
Quantization of angular-momentum direction
6.7 Electron Probability Density
No definite orbits
6.8 RadiativeTransitions
What happens when an electron goes from one state to another
6.9 Selection Rules
Some transitions are more likely to occur than others
6.10 Zeeman Effect
How atoms interact with a magnetic field
7.1 Electron Spin
Round and round it goes forever
7.2 Exclusion Principle
A different set of quantum numbers for each electron in an atom
7.3 Symmetric and Antisymmetric Wave Functions
Fermions and bosons
7.4 Periodic Table
Organizing the elements
7.5 Atomic Structures
Shells and subshells of electrons
7.6 Explaining the Periodic Table
How an atom’s electron structure determines its chemical behavior
7.7 Spin-Orbit Coupling
Angular momenta linked magnetically
7.8 Total Angular Momentum
Both magnitude and direction are quantized
7.9 X-Ray Spectra
They arise from transitions to inner shells
APPENDIX: Atomic Spectra
8.1 The Molecular Bond
Electric forces hold atoms together to form molecules
8.2 Electron Sharing
The mechanism of the covalent bond
8.3 The H2+ Molecular Ion
Bonding requires asymmetric wave function
8.4 The Hydrogen Molecule
The spins of the electrons must be antiparallel
8.5 Complex Molecules
Their geometry depends on the wave functions of the outer electrons of their atoms
8.6 Rotational Energy Levels
Molecular rotational spectra are in the microwave region
8.7 Vibrational Energy Levels
A molecule may have many different modes of vibration
8.8 Electronic Spectra of Molecules
How fluorescence and phosphorescence occur
CHAPTER 9 Statistical Mechanics
9.1 Statistical Distributions
Three different kinds
9.2 Maxwell-Boltzmann Statistics
Classical particles such as gas molecules obey them
9.3 Molecular Energies in an Ideal Gas
They vary about an average of 3/2kT
9.4 Quantum Statistics
Bosons and fermions have different distribution functions
9.5 Rayleigh-Jeans Formula
The classical approach to blackbody radiation
9.6 Planck Radiation Law
How a photon gas behaves
9.7 Einstein's Approach
Introducing stimulated emission
9.8 Specific Heats of Solids
Classical physics fails again
9.9 Free Electrons in a Metal
No more than one electron per quantum state
9.10 Electron-Energy Distribution
Why the electrons in a metal do not contribute to its specific heat except at very high and very low temperatures
9.11 Dying Stars
What happens when a star runs out of fuel
10.1 Crystalline and Amorphous Solids
Long-range and short-range order
10.2 Ionic Crystals
The attraction of opposites can produced stable union
10.3 Covalent Crystals
Shared electrons lead to the strongest bonds
10.4 Van der Waals Bond
Weak but everywhere
10.5 Metallic Bond
A gas of free electrons is responsible for the characteristic properties of a metal
10.6 Band Theory of Solids
The energy band structure of a solid determines whether it is a conductor, an insulator, or a semiconductor
10.7 Semiconductor Devices
The properties of the p-n junction are responsible for the microelectronics industry
10.8 Energy Bands: Alternative Analysis
How the periodicity of a crystal lattice leads to allowed and forbidden bands
10.9 Superconductivity
No resistance at all, but only at very low temperatures (so far)
10.10 Bound Electron Pairs
The key to superconductivity
11.1 Nuclear Composition
Atomic nuclei of the same element have the same numbers of protons but can have different numbers of neutrons
11.2 Some Nuclear Properties
Small in size, a nucleus may have angular momentum and a magnetic moment
11.3 Stable Nuclei
Why some combinations of neutrons and protons are more stable than others
11.4 Binding Energy
The missing energy that keeps a nucleus together
11.5 Liquid-Drop Model
A simple explanation for the binding-energy curve
11.6 Shell Model
Magic number sin the nucleus
11.7 Meson Theory of Nuclear Forces
Particle exchange can produce either attraction or repulsion
CHAPTER 12 Nuclear Transformations
12.1 Radioactive Decay
Five kinds
12.2 Half-Life
Less and less, but always some left
12.3 Radioactive Series
Four decay sequences that each end in a stable daughter
12.4 Alpha Decay
Impossible in classical physics, it nevertheless occurs
12.5 Beta Decay
Why the neutrino should exist and how it was discovered
12.6 Gamma Decay
Like an excited atom, an excited nucleus can emit a photon
12.7 Cross Section
A measure of the likelihood of a particular interaction
12.8 Nuclear Reactions
In many cases, a compound nucleus is formed first
12.9 Nuclear Fission
Divide and conquer
12.10 Nuclear Reactors
Eo = mc2 + $$$
12.11 Nuclear Fusion in Stars
How the sun and stars get their energy
12.12 Fusion Reactors
The energy source of the future?
APPENDIX: Theory of Alpha Decay
CHAPTER 13 Elementary Particles
13.1 Interactions and Particles
Which affects which
13.2 Leptons
Three pairs of truly elementary particles
13.3 Hadrons
Particles subject to the strong interaction
13.4 Elementary Particle Quantum Numbers
Finding order in apparent chaos
13. Quarks
The ultimate constituents of hadrons
13.6 Field Bosons
Carriers of the interactions
13.7 The Standard Model and Beyond
Putting it all together
13.8 History of the Universe
It began with a bang
13.9 The Future
“In my beginning is my end.”(T. S. Eliot, Four Quartets)
APPENDIX Atomic Masses
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